Operations Manual
How to Write a ConOps for Drone Operations
A Concept of Operations (ConOps) is a vital document for drone operations, outlining operational procedures and safety measures. This article offers a step-by-step guide to drafting a ConOps, including examples and references to relevant UK regulations.
What is a ConOps?
A ConOps is a document that describes the operational procedures and safety measures for a specific drone operation. It serves as the foundation for the operations manual and is necessary for obtaining an Operational Authorisation from the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).
Drafting a ConOps is a requirement for drone operations in the Specific Category, as defined by UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947 as assimilated and amended in UK law. In this category, risks are higher than in the Open Category, and therefore, the regulator requires a detailed overview of the planned operations and the mitigation measures.
- Definition of ConOps
- Necessity for Operational Authorisation
- Relevance for Specific Category operations
Steps to Draft a ConOps
Drafting a ConOps involves specific steps to cover all relevant aspects of the drone operation. A well-thought-out ConOps helps manage risks and is central to obtaining an Operational Authorisation.
The key steps are:
- 1. Organisation Overview: Describe the structure of your organisation and assign responsibilities to the UAS personnel, including who is authorised for various operational tasks.
- 2. Safety Management: Explain how safety is integrated into your organisation, which risk assessments have been conducted, and what measures have been taken to mitigate these risks.
- 3. Training and Certification: Indicate which qualifications and training the personnel have undergone, appropriate to the complexity of the operations.
- 4. Maintenance Procedures: Describe the maintenance programme for the UAS, including frequency, documentation, and instructions for ensuring airworthiness.
- 5. Operational Procedures: Provide a detailed description of the planned operations, including flight range, flight profiles, communication, emergency procedures, and the planned mitigations.
- 6. Risk Assessment and Mitigations: Outline which risks have been identified with, for example, a Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) or Pre-Defined Risk Assessment (PDRA), and how these risks are managed.
- 7. Communication and Coordination: Explain which internal and external communication channels are used, for example, with air traffic control or other involved parties.
Sample Structure of a ConOps
A clear structure helps make the content of your ConOps clear and complete. The following components are commonly used:
This ensures that both the UAS operator and the regulator can properly assess the operational concept.
- Introduction: Objective and scope of the document
- Organisation and Responsibilities: Structure of the team and task distribution
- Operational Description: Specifications of the drone, operational locations, flight patterns, and scenarios
- Safety Analysis: Identification and analysis of risks, including applied mitigations
- Maintenance Plan: Procedures and frequency of maintenance and inspections
- Training Plan: Qualifications of personnel and training programmes
- Emergency Procedures: Actions in incidents and emergencies
- Communication: Internal and external communication protocols
Key Considerations When Writing a ConOps
When drafting a ConOps, it is crucial to strive for clarity and completeness. The document should provide a good overview of all planned operations, risks, and safety measures.
Additionally, several critical points apply:
- Ensure compliance with UK regulations, including relevant national additions from the UK CAA.
- Document the risk assessment and the chosen mitigations systematically, for example, with a PDRA or SORA.
- Consider current operational limits, such as maximum flight heights, Visual Line of Sight (VLOS) or Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) requirements, and no-fly zones.
- Ensure that the document is kept up-to-date, especially after adjustments in the operational concept or regulations.
- Store the ConOps in the operations manual and use it as a reference during the execution of operations.
Frequently asked questions
Is a ConOps mandatory for all drone operations?
A ConOps is mandatory for drone operations in the Specific Category, as defined by UK Regulation (EU) 2019/947 as assimilated and amended in UK law. For operations in the Open Category, a ConOps is generally not required.
Where can I find a template for a ConOps?
The UK CAA provides templates and guidelines for drafting a ConOps in their 'Guidance for Drone Operators' documents. These resources assist you in meeting the formal requirements.
How often should I update my ConOps?
It is important to keep the ConOps current, especially when there are changes in the operational procedures, organisation, used UAS, or relevant regulations. Regular reviews are recommended.
Can I use a PDRA in my ConOps?
Yes, a PDRA (Pre-Defined Risk Assessment) can be used to structure the risk management part of your ConOps, provided your operation falls within the application conditions of the PDRA.